Designing Your New California Garden: 9. Managing Water – Part 2. Irrigation Systems

Last month (February 2014) we considered several
topics critical to managing your garden water: setting water goals, Water Zone
gardening and capturing/using rainwater. 
If you didn’t catch the February post, we suggest that you read it
before you continue: http://mother-natures-backyard.blogspot.com/2014/02/designing-your-new-california-garden-9.html.  If you’re new to the ‘Designing Your New
California Garden’ series, you might want to start at the beginning (July, 2013;
http://mother-natures-backyard.blogspot.com/2013/07/designing-your-new-california-garden-1.html
). The monthly posts and exercises introduce you to the ‘New California Garden’
concept and to our example garden at 112 Willow Street.

 

Introduction
and Background

                                                                    

By this point you’ve probably guessed that the
‘irrigation system’ in the New California
Garden is not likely to be a conventional, one size fits all ‘sprinkler
system’.  Instead it will be tailored to
the Water Zone Plan, site characteristics and the needs of the gardeners
themselves.  Part of the trick to
designing a functional and enjoyable
garden is to look honestly at your own needs and constraints.

Proper watering of native (and other) plants is at
least as important as selecting the right plant for a given water zone.   More native plants die in home gardens due
to improper watering than almost any other cause.  An irrigation system that allows you to water
plants easily and properly is key to a successful garden.  And because your garden will mature – and climate
will change – your irrigation system must also be flexible.  

Your ‘irrigation system’ can be anything from a
simple spigot and hose to a complex automated irrigation system (or some
combination of both).    There’s no one
system that’s right for all gardens.  If
your landscape plan includes more than one Water Zone – or if your site is
anything other than a small flat piece of ground – you may need to use several
types of irrigation methods to water everything properly.   Fortunately, you have several options to
choose from – and plenty of resources to turn to for advice.

 We summarize the benefits, limitations and best
uses for the most common types of irrigation methods used in Southern
California at: http://www.slideshare.net/cvadheim/irrigation-methods-for-southern-california-gardens   This table reflects our experience with
watering native plants in western Los Angeles County; other experts may present
other points of view.  Realize that the
relative advantages and disadvantages vary with climate, soil and other
factors.  Much of the readily available
information on watering native plants – both on-line and in books - is directed
to gardeners in central & northern California, or in desert areas.  While generally useful, remember that such
information is not specific to our unique climate(s) in western Los Angeles and
Orange Counties. 

 

Planning
an Irrigation System: Example from 112 Willow St.

It’s easier to plan your own irrigation system once
you’ve seen a worked example.  So let’s
design a new irrigation system for 112 Willow Street.

 

 

The current irrigation system for 112 Willow Street
is shown on the site map (above). The ‘system’ may be similar to your own.  It consists of two separate water lines: one
line that supplies conventional sprinklers (front and back) and a second supplying
4 hose bibs (spigots).   The sprinklers
are controlled by two timers: one for the front yard and one for the back.  The backyard timer has two stations: the
northern part of the backyard (nearest the house; station 1) and the rest
(station 2). 

As discussed before (February, 2014), the front
yard will be left as is for now; the automated sprinkler system will continue
to water this area every 10 days for the near future.  However, in considering the irrigation needs
of the entire yard, we realize that an additional spigot at the east side of
the front yard would greatly facilitate watering the ‘meditation garden’.  We add this to the Irrigation System Map,
even though the installation may take place several years in the future.

  

The backyard sprinkler system won’t need a lot of
modification to make it suitable for irrigating the new lawn (see above).  One sprinkler head is superfluous and another
would be better if moved slightly.  That
and some new, water efficient sprinkler heads with the correct spray radius
(8-10 ft.) and we’re in business.    The sprinkler system will likely provide all
the water needed for the ‘shady seating’ area as well.  If not, we can supplement occasionally with a
hose and sprinkler.  If you need more
information on irrigation systems and their design we highly recommend the
following tutorials: http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/
.

Planning an irrigation system for the vegetable
garden requires deciding how  the space
will actually be used.  The gardeners
like raised beds, and there’s room for at least two different configurations,
each providing 120-130 square feet of growing space (see below).  The gardeners will consider how to arrange the
raised beds and will design them next month (April 2014).  Whatever the configuration, they’ll want an irrigation
system that’s flexible and as water-wise as possible. 

 

The gardeners decide to use inexpensive ooze-type soaker
hoses, covered with mulch, to water the raised vegetable beds.  This will allow them to water only the planted
areas, leaving the pathways dry.  Installing a hose bib for each bed will give
the most flexibility. The soaker hoses can be attached directly to the hose bib
in each bed. And each bed can be controlled separately, providing the right
amount of water for each crop through the growing season.  

During most of the year, the gardeners will control
the water manually, as needed. This is, in fact, the most water-efficient
method of irrigation.   But what about
during the three week summer vacation when the gardeners are routinely away?

Depending on how we design the irrigation system,
we can have all the beds on a single, multi-station timer or use individual,
battery operated timers for each bed.  In
our experience, many smaller yards, particularly if landscaped with water-wise
plants, don’t require sophisticated (and costly) irrigation systems with
sensors.   Inexpensive hose timers are readily
available, easy to use and work well in many situations.  You can even store them away when they aren’t
needed to extend their life.   For more
advice on timers and sensors see:

• http://www.sandiego.gov/water/pdf/waterwisegardening.pdf
  




• http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/#sprinkler
  




• http://www.water.ca.gov/wateruseefficiency/docs/irrigation_controllers_0903.pdf
  

The ‘butterfly garden’ area, which is on a 6-9% slope,
has presented an irrigation challenge in the past.   The gardeners plan to install primarily
water-wise plants – and place the most drought-tolerant of these on the drier
top of the slope.  This will go a long
way towards making the area less problematic. 
 But even though the plants will
be Water Zone 2 at maturity, the ‘butterfly garden’ will require summer water during
the establishment phase (likely the first year or two after planting) and
occasionally thereafter. The gardeners will need an irrigation method that is
flexible; and once again, they have several options.

One possibility is to use drip irrigation for the
first few years.  While some native plant
nurseries recommend against drip
irrigation, in fact this method can be useful in some circumstances in our part
of California.   Drip irrigation has come
a long way in the past decade. For a good, thorough tutorial on drip irrigation
see  http://www.dripirrigation.com/drip_tutorial.php .  There are many more choices of emitters
including micro-sprinklers and soaker-emitters.  These can be used successfully with California
native plants under certain conditions.  In our experience, drip irrigation is best
used to get plants started or for container plants.   

There are several downsides to drip irrigation.  Drip systems can be costly, particularly if
you pay to have them installed. The emitters can plug – or even pop off –
during irrigation, so gardeners should inspect their emitters regularly for
proper functioning.  Don’t assume your
plants are being watered adequately unless you check your drip system routinely!!
 

As the root systems grow, the emitters need to be
relocated to provide optimal water to the plants. Remember that the root
systems of many native plants expand quickly; failure to move emitters around
growing plants is another common mistake made by home gardeners.

In our experience, simple soaker hoses can also be
used on small garden slopes, provided that drainage is adequate and watering is
done over several days.  The secret is to
water the area, using a slow seep rate, until runoff starts.  After a few times you’ll know just how long
this takes.  Then water again in the next
day or two.  This will provide a good
soaking, and can be repeated every other week, or as needed, during the first
summer.  The advantages of soaker hoses
over drip are several: 1)  lower cost; 2)
lower maintenance requirements;  3) more
even water coverage (good as plant roots grow out); 4) if covered with mulch
they last for years, providing for supplemental water when needed.

 

Because the top of the slope dries out before the
bottom, the gardeners will use several soaker hoses to give them maximal
flexibility.  The soaker hoses will be
installed once the ‘butterfly garden’ is planted to insure good coverage.  After securing the hoses with landscaping
staples (also called ‘landscape fabric pins’ or ‘sod staples’), they will be
covered with mulch.  They will be
connected to the nearby hose bib (spigot) with a hose when in use.   When not in use they will be completely
invisible.

The gardeners could also choose to water the ‘butterfly
garden’ with a sprinkler that attaches to a hose.  There are many options available – including ones
that are quite attractive.  This option
has the advantage of being very flexible; you can just water the dry areas and
not worry about areas that don’t need water. 
 It also provides a good
approximation of rain if you need to water during winter/spring dry spells.

But any type of overhead watering, whether with
conventional sprinklers or those attached to a hose, has several
disadvantages.  First, overhead irrigation
is less water efficient: in dry climates like ours, some water will evaporate
before reaching the ground and more will evaporate from the mulch without
reaching the ground beneath.   The other
disadvantage, particularly for summer watering, is that overhead watering
increases the chance of fungal diseases.  Wet leaves and warm conditions favor the
growth of fungi; and leaf splash can spread fungal spores from one plant to the
next.

As currently envisioned, the ‘meditation area’ will
not need much irrigation once established and the gardeners plan to use stored
rainwater to supply some of the water in the future.   The irrigation system for this area will
depend on the landscape design for this area.  
The back of the neighbor’s garage abuts this area – an ‘ugly view’.   The arrangement of the seating – and choice
of plants – will dictate the irrigation needs for this area.  If the homeowners choose a trellis and vine
to mask the ‘ugly view’ they will need to supply irrigation to the vines.  Native honeysuckle vines would do well and
require only occasional water once established. 
We’ll have to wait to finish the irrigation system for the 'meditation area’.

 

On further review of the ‘near final’ irrigation
plan for 112 Willow, the gardeners decide that having a spigot to water the
meditation garden will be a necessity as soon as that area is installed.  The idea of watering the area from a backyard
spigot doesn’t seem workable.

  

Designing
Your Irrigation Plan

 

We suggest the following steps in designing your irrigation system:

 

1. Using
   a copy of Site Map 2, map your existing irrigation system

2. Compare
   your current system with your Water Zone map.

3. Decide
   what parts of your current irrigation system are compatible with the Water
   Zones in your new garden.   You may be surprised; conventional
   sprinkler systems can sometimes be modified to work.  If parts of the system are no longer
   needed they can be capped off. And new sprinkler heads can decrease water
   loss to evaporation.

4. Consider
   how you’ll supply water to Water Zones 1 and 2.  Remember that new plants will need to be
   watered for at least one or two summers until they are established – and Zone
   1-2 and 2 plants will need occasional summer water thereafter.    

 

Once you’ve decided on possible irrigation choices we suggest that you
step back and evaluate.  In fact, you may
want to put your plans aside for a day or two. 
Then ask yourself the following questions:

 

·      
Are these choices consistent with the amount of
time/effort you want to spend watering the landscape?

·      
Are they feasible in terms of cost, skills needed
to construct, maintenance requirements?

·      
Look at your Base Map 2; are you sure you haven’t
located irrigation lines where they will interfere with anything critical (like
gas & electric lines).   

·      
Is the ‘system’ flexible (for example, can you
change if the initial method  doesn’t
work well; can you use overlapping systems if you need to water one part of a
Zone a bit more)?

·      
Have you planned enough: spigots?  Sprinkler heads?  controllers?  
Are these in convenient locations? 
 If not, now it the time to do
something about it.

 

Once you’re happy with your plan then construct a final Irrigation Plan
map.   Be sure to note location of
spigots, location of irrigation pipes and sprinkler risers (if any) and the
types of heads, and location of drip irrigation lines and soaker hoses (if any).  

 

Additional Internet Resources

http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/Garden/07239.html

http://www.sandiego.gov/water/pdf/waterwisegardening.pdf

http://www.bewaterwise.com/

  

 

 

We
value your comments (below).    You can
also contact us directly at mothernaturesbackyard10@gmail.com .

 

 

 

 

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Our New Garden: Mother Nature’s Garden of Health

 

The
past few months have been busy.  In
addition to the usual winter tasks, we’ve been installing a new garden.  Mother Nature’s Garden of Health is located to
the east of the main garden, just off our outdoor classroom, in an area previously
unplanted.  The photo below shows the Garden
of Health prior to installation. 

 

Future site of Mother Nature's Garden of Health

 

The
Board of the Friends of the Gardena Willows Wetland Preserve – where our
gardens are located - envisioned a garden that would complement Mother Nature’s
Backyard for teaching purposes.  While the
main garden contains many interesting and useful plants, its size limits the
number of species.  As a result, a number
of important locally native medicinal plants could not be included. 

The
Garden of Health features medicinal plants that either grew locally or could
have been obtained through trade by local Native Californians.   Thus the majority of plants once grew in the
Los Angeles basin, on the Southern Channel islands or in the surrounding Santa
Monica, San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains.  The plants range from trees/large shrubs to herbaceous
annuals and perennials – even a few vines. 

 

Melissa Diaz (center) during garden planting

 

 

Final plan - Mother Nature's Garden of Health

 

Dr.
Vadheim and CSU Dominguez Hills undergraduate student Melissa Diaz – with helpful
comments from Board Member Kelley Dawdy - designed the garden during the
summer/fall of 2013.   The design went
through several iterations (see above) resulting in a final design that is
simple, formal and reminiscent of medicinal gardens throughout the world.  The formal walkways and brick-lined planting
beds will work well with the plants, many of which have an ‘informal’ growth
habit.

Adam D'Jamily on newly installed bench - Mother Nature's Garden of Health

The
paths, planting beds, bench and large pots were installed as an Eagle Scout
project by Adam D’Jamily and Boy Scout Troop 586 (Redondo Beach, CA).  A concurrent Eagle Scout project (Andrew
Harley – Troop 860, Hermosa Beach, CA  ) completed the  installation of the outdoor classroom.

 

 

The
garden installation took several days, with most of the hardscape work done on
January 25-26, 2014.  After mechanical
leveling (above), volunteers laid out the paths and beds, leveled the ground
and installed the bricks.  The bricks
aren’t mortared, but getting all the beds level was quite a challenge.  After the decomposed granite pathways were
laid, the garden and open air classroom looked quite nice (below).

 

Obtaining
plants for the Garden of Health has been a bit of a challenge.  Some plants are readily available, while many
others are ‘specialty natives’ available from only a few sources.  As a result, we’re raising many of the plants
from seed in the Cal State Dominguez Hills native plant nursery.   Some of the plants won’t be ready for
planting until next winter.  That’s
probably a good thing as the drought promises to make this a difficult summer
for new gardens.

 

Preparing plants at CSUDH greenhouse; plants ready for planting; planting day

 

The
Garden of Health was planted by CSUDH students and community volunteers on
February 22, exactly two years after Mother Nature’s Backyard was planted.  The photos above highlight the planting.  Fortunately, we had a major rainstorm soon after
planting, which helped the plants off to a good start.

Mother Nature's Garden of Health and outdoor classroom - 3/17/14

The
plants are growing well despite the drought; we even have a few flowers right
now.  The original garden plan, with
plants, is available under the ‘Original Garden Plans’ page.  An updated plant list is available under ‘Current
Plant Lists’.   We’ll keep you posted on
the garden’s progress with current photographs and posts featuring the plants.

 

 

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Plant of the Month (March) : Hummingbird sage - Salvia spathacea

 

Hummingbird sage (Salvia spathacea), foreground,

 in Mother Nature's Backyard

Both
Allen’s and Anna’s Hummingbirds visit Mother Nature’s Backyard regularly, so we
try to have something blooming all year long. Last month (Feb 2014) we featured
another great hummingbird plant – Golden currant.   Right now the favored plant is the
Hummingbird sage that’s blooming near our back porch. 

Hummingbird
sage is a Salvia (sage), though its
growth habit differs from the woody shrubs and sub-shrubs we typically
associate with local sages.   The name
Salvia is derived from the Latin salveo meaning "to save";
many of the salvias are still used medicinally and ceremonially.  The name spathacea means "with a
spathe", which refers to the large, colorful bracts that enclose the
flower cluster.  This plant is sometimes
known as Borraja Silvestre, Diosa
or Diosita in Spanish.  All Salvias
are in the Mint family, Lamiaceae,
which contains the garden mints and many other aromatic herbs and shrubs.

Hummingbird
sage grows from Solano County, CA in the north to Camp Pendleton in San Diego
County.   It’s found at lower elevations
(< 2500 ft) and mostly within the coastal hills and valleys.  It still grows in many spots in the western
Santa Monica and Verdugo mountains.  In
Southern California,  this species is
typically found in shaded areas in coastal scrub, coastal sage scrub,
chaparral, and coastal live oak woodland. It’s usually seen on north- and
east-facing slopes and under oaks. Further north it can be found in more open
sites in the same plant communities.

Hummingbird sage is an herbaceous groundcover plant native to California 

As
seen in the photo (above), Salvia
spathacea is a low-growing, mostly herbaceous, ground
cover.   With a little summer water, it’s evergreen
most of the year.   The foliage is
primary low, to perhaps 18 inches; the flower stalks attain 2 to 2 ½ feet in
height.  Plants have a spreading habit,
typical of the Mint family; they increase in size via rhizomes (underground
stems) and will ultimately fill an area if happy.   In fact, they are one of our most useful
groundcovers in areas that are a bit shady.

The leaves of Hummingbird sage are large (to 4-6
inches; 10-15 cm), arrow-shaped to oblong, and succulent.  Leaves are opposite, typical of the Mints,
and are mostly clustered in a basal rosette (cluster of leaves at the base of
the stalk).  The upper leaf surfaces are
coarsely crinkled while the lower surfaces are covered with hairs. The leaves
are quite sticky and sweetly scented.  In
fact, Hummingbird sage leaves are one of our favorites for tea, hot or
cold.  For more on making tea from native
mints see: http://mother-natures-backyard.blogspot.com/2012/06/making-tea-from-california-native-mint.html.

 

Hummingbird sage (Salvia spathacea) spreads to form a groundcover

 

While Hummingbird sage ultimately forms dense mats,
its growth rate varies greatly depending on conditions.  It spreads more quickly in moist clay soils;
more slowly in sandy coastal soils.   On
a well-drained slope, it may take 4-5 years to provide complete coverage.  The photo above shows a large, relatively
flat area covered with Hummingbird sage. 
It looks lovely year round.

The main bloom season for Hummingbird sage is in
the spring.  It often begins in February
in local gardens (even January in a warm winter) and continues through March or
April.  In the garden setting, plants will
often bloom sporadically from spring to fall depending on available moisture.   But the main show is early to mid-spring and
it can be impressive!

 

Hummingbird sage (Salvia spathacea) blooms.  Note the nice contrast of flowers and foliage

 which is typical of this species

 

Hummingbird sage is one of the showiest bloomers of
our native Salvias.  The 2-3 ft tall flowering stalks contain
several whorls of flowers surrounding the stem. 
The individual flowers are large (to 1 inch long), pink to magenta, and
shaped like a typical Mint flower.  The
flowers have 5 fused petals and 5 fused sepals, giving them a bilateral
symmetry (two halves that are mirror images). 
 The bracts (fused sepals) are
usually a dark purple/magenta, contrasting nicely with the brighter
flowers. 

The pollen-bearing stamens extend beyond the
petals.   The pollinators (hummingbirds)
pick up the pollen on their heads and bodies as they reach deep within the
flowers to reach the nectar.  Pollen is
then deposited, unintentionally, at the next flower.  The long stamens, tubular shape and color of
the flowers all suggest a long-standing, mutually beneficial relationship between
hummingbirds and Salvia spathacea.   Seed-eating birds enjoy the dried seeds.

Hummingbird sage is usually used as a groundcover,
often in partly shady areas under trees, on the north or east side of walls,
etc.   It also can be grown on coastal
bluffs (tolerates salt spray) and is a good choice for slopes and banks in
general.  We’ve grown it on a 24% grade
(fairly steep) where it does well, successfully binding soil and preventing
runoff.    It is
striking alone when grown in broad swaths. 
We also like to combine it with the Wood mints (Stachys species), Catalina perfume (Ribes viburnifolium), Yarrow (Achillea
millefolia) and even Berkeley sedge (Carex tumulicola).   Under
California native oaks, consider planting it with Ribes species, the Snowberries (Symphoricarpos
species), native ferns, native honeysuckles (Lonicera species) and Fendler’s meadowrue (Thalictrum fendleri).

In western Los Angeles County, Hummingbird sage is
best with some shade except on the immediate coast.   Dappled shade or morning sun is best for
plant health and abundant blooms.   We’ve
grown this plant successfully in soils ranging from dense clays to very sandy –
it does fine in both extremes.  

 



Hummingbird sage as a groundcover at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California



While actually quite drought tolerant once
established, hummingbird sage looks best with occasional summer water (Water
Zone 2).  We water ours about once a
month from June to Sept. (our dry season), making sure that the ground is dry
at a depth of 4 inches before watering.  Try
to water on a day that’s a bit overcast/cooler if possible – and water either
very early morning or in the evening.   Some gardeners like to rinse off the leaves
occasionally in summer.   The only other ‘management’ required is
removing the spent flower stalks, which can be done anytime from summer to
fall.  Let the birds eat the seeds, then
prune off the stalks before they drive your tidy side crazy.

 

As mentioned above, Hummingbird sage leaves make
wonderful tea – probably the main use for this plant over the millennia.  The tea can be used to make delicious jelly
or syrup.   Native Californians also use
the tea for colds and sore throats and the plants do produce mild antimicrobial
chemicals.  A warm bath with the leaves
is used for rheumatism and other joint pains.  
You can chew on the leaves on a hot day to make you feel less
thirsty.   And the flower stalks (even
dried) make a unique contribution to flower arrangements.

We hope you’ll consider Hummingbird sage if you need
a part-shade groundcover.  This plant
provides a great deal of benefit from a single plant: hummingbird/bird habitat;
food & beverage; medicinal value; great beauty.

 

For a
gardening information sheet see: http://www.slideshare.net/cvadheim/gardening-sheet-salvia-spathacea

For more
pictures of this plant see: http://www.slideshare.net/cvadheim/salvia-spathacea-web-show

 

We
welcome your comments (below).  You can
also send your questions to: mothernaturesbackyard10@gmail.com

 

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